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Cardiovascular System Questions and Answers
Free Anatomy Flashcards on Flashcard Maker
Learn the structure and function of the heart, the different types of blood vessels, and how blood pressure is regulated with these free Anatomy and Physiology flashcards.
Question
What are the three components of the cardiovascular system?
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Answer
The heart (pump), blood vessels (tubes), and blood (transport medium).
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Question
What are the four chambers of the heart?
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Answer
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle. The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs; the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
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Question
What is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?
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Answer
Pulmonary: right heart → lungs → left heart (gas exchange). Systemic: left heart → body → right heart (oxygen delivery and CO₂ collection).
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Question
What are the four valves of the heart and their locations?
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Answer
Tricuspid (right AV), pulmonary (right ventricular outflow), mitral/bicuspid (left AV), aortic (left ventricular outflow). AV valves prevent backflow into atria; semilunar valves prevent backflow into ventricles.
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Question
What is the cardiac cycle?
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Answer
One complete heartbeat: diastole (relaxation and filling of chambers) followed by systole (contraction and ejection of blood). Lasts about 0.8 seconds at rest.
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Question
What is cardiac output?
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Answer
The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute. CO = stroke volume × heart rate. Normal resting CO ≈ 5 litres/min.
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Question
What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?
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Answer
The natural pacemaker of the heart — located in the right atrium. It generates electrical impulses that initiate each heartbeat and set the heart rate (~60–100 bpm at rest).
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Question
What is the conduction system of the heart in order?
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Answer
SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → left and right bundle branches → Purkinje fibres → ventricular muscle contraction.
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Question
What is the difference between arteries, veins, and capillaries?
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Answer
Arteries carry blood away from the heart (thick, muscular walls). Veins carry blood toward the heart (thinner walls, have valves). Capillaries are microscopic vessels where gas/nutrient exchange occurs.
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Question
What is blood pressure and what do the two numbers mean?
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Answer
The force of blood against artery walls. Systolic (top) = pressure during heart contraction. Diastolic (bottom) = pressure during relaxation. Normal ≈ 120/80 mmHg.
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