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Development and Inequality Flashcards
Free GCSE Geography Revision Cards on Flashcard Maker
Work through development indicators, the Brandt Line, causes of unequal development, and strategies such as fair trade, aid, and microfinance with these free GCSE Geography flashcards.
Question
What is GDP and what does it measure?
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Answer
Gross Domestic Product — the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a year. A measure of economic output, often used as an indicator of development.
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Question
What is GNI per capita?
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Answer
Gross National Income divided by population — the average income per person. Includes earnings from abroad. A better measure of standard of living than GDP alone.
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Question
What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?
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Answer
A composite development indicator combining: GNI per capita, life expectancy at birth, and mean/expected years of schooling. Gives a score 0–1; above 0.8 is considered "very high."
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Question
What is the Brandt Line?
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Answer
An imaginary line dividing the world's richer north from the poorer south, proposed by the Brandt Report (1980). Broadly separates HICs from LICs, though it is an oversimplification.
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Question
What is the development gap?
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Answer
The difference in levels of development between the richest and poorest countries. Has widened in recent decades due to unequal globalisation, despite some LICs catching up (e.g. China, India).
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Question
What are the main causes of unequal development?
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Answer
Physical: landlocked location, harsh climate, natural hazards. Historical: colonialism, slave trade. Political: corruption, conflict. Economic: debt, unfair trade, lack of investment.
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Question
How does colonialism affect development today?
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Answer
Colonial powers extracted resources and wealth, created artificial borders, disrupted local economies, and left dependencies. Former colonies often inherited debt, weak institutions, and economies geared to exporting raw materials.
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Question
What are NEEs and give examples?
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Answer
Newly Emerging Economies — countries with rapidly growing economies and rising living standards but not yet classified as HICs. Examples: Brazil, Russia, India, China (BRIC), South Korea, Mexico.
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Question
What is fair trade and how does it help development?
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Answer
Fair trade guarantees farmers/producers in LICs a minimum price for their goods plus a social premium for community development. Improves incomes, education, and healthcare in producer communities.
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Question
What is microfinance?
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Answer
Small loans given to entrepreneurs in LICs who lack access to conventional banking. Pioneered by the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh. Enables people to start businesses and escape poverty.
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